Normal Nutritional Requirements : Energy,Proteins,Minerals,Vitamins

4th Pediatric Infectious Diseases Conference

ISSN 0973 - 0958

Nutrition in Children

Immunity and Growth Articles

Nutrition for Growth and Immunity

NUTRITION IN CHILDREN

Micronutrients in Children

Role of Micronutrients in Diet of Preschooler

Micronutrient Status of Children in India

Micronutrient Supplementation and it's Effect on Children

Micronutrients Vitamin B complex

Micronutrients Vitamin C and Vitamin D

Calcium and phosphorus in diet

Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in children

Community Level Micronutrient Deficiency in Preschoolers

Micronutrients: Vitamin A, E and K

Immunity and Growth of Children

Nutrition For Healthy Growth and Immunity

Nutrition and Brain Development

Nutrition and Infections

Dietary Inadequacy in First Three Years of Life

Feeding guidelines for infants and young children in India

Prebiotics for Children

Prebiotics & Probiotics And Gut Health in Children

Prebiotics and Probiotics for Healthy Children

Role of probiotics in children

Role of prebiotics in children

Prebiotics and probiotic combinations in children

DHA in children

DHA Need and Importance During Growing Period

Malnutrition in children

Problems of Malnutrition in India among Children

Adult Onset Diseases and Malnutrition

Nutrition In Indian Urban Children

Malnutrition Among Preschoolers

Nutrition Growth Charts

Length/Height for age

Subscapular skin fold thickness

Triceps skin fold thickness

NUTRITION FOR HEALTHY GROWTH AND IMMUNITY

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Relevant Topics

Normal Pattern of Growth

Organ Maturation

Nutrition and Immune System

Action of Specific Nutrients on Growth & Immunity

Under Nutrition

Nutritional Requirements at
Different Life Stages

NORMAL NUTRITIONAL
REQUIREMENTS

Energy :-
Energy requirements are related to age, gender, body size and level of activities. Infants have a greater energy requirement as compared to adults primarily due to higher metabolic rates and special needs for growth and development. Sufficient carbohydrate is required to prevent ketosis and hypoglycemia (5 gm/kg/day) and enough fat to provide essential fatty acids (0.5 - 1 gm/kg/day of linoleic acid). Infants also require long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) such as arachindonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for better visual and cognitive development. The minimal needs for carbohydrate and fat including LC-PUFA is around 1/3 of total energy required in a day.⁽⁴⁾ Proteins should contribute 15% of daily energy requirement, carbohydrates 50% and fats 35% of which 6% should be PUFA.⁽⁵⁾

Table 1 - Energy requirement as per age (5)

Age	Energy Requirement Males (Kcal)	Energy Requirement Females (Kcal)
0.3 mo	545	515
4-6 mo	690	645
7-9 mo	825	765
10-12 mo	920	865
1-3 yrs	1230	1165
4-6 yrs	1715	1545
7-10 yrs	1970	1740
11-14 yrs	2220	1845
15-18 yrs	2755	2110

Proteins:- Infants require higher proteins per kg than an adult along with higher proportion of essential amino acids (leucine, isoleucene, valine, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, lysine, histidine) as well as cysteine,tyrosine and perhaps arginine.⁽⁴⁾

Table 2 - Protein requirement as per age (4)

RDA	Protein Requirement	Age
1.5 gm/kg/day		0-6 mo
1-2 gm/kg/day	0.98 gm/kg/day	7-12 mo
1.05 gm/kg/day	0.86 gm/kg/day	1-3 yrs
0.95 gm/kg/day	0.76 gm/kg/day	4-8 yrs

Electrolytes Minerals & Vitamins :-
Vitamins and minerals are required for normal metabolic and growth function of tissues, organs and bones. If protein intake is adequate, vitamin deficiencies are rare. If not, deficiency can result. Recommended daily allowance of various vitamins are depicted as follows:

Vitamin A:	0-8 years = 4-8mcg/d 9-18 years = 600-700mcg/d (Boys 14-18 years: 900mcg/d)
Vitamin C:	40-70mg/d
Vitamin D:	5mcg/day
Vitamin E:	0-8 years = 4-8mg/d 9-18 years = 11-15mg/d
Vitamin K:	Upto I year = 2-2.5mcg/d 1-18 years=50-75mcg/d
Thiamin:	0-8 years=0.2-0.6mg/d 9-18 years = 0.9-1.2mg/d
Riboflavin:	0-8 years=0.3-0.6mg/d 9-18 years = 0.9-1.2mg/d
Niacin:	0-8 years=2-8 mg/d 9-18 years = 12-14 mg/d
Vitamin B6:	0-8 years=0.2-0.6mg/d 9-18 years = 1.0-1.2mg/d
Folate:	0-8 years=65-200mcg/d 9-18 years=300-400mcg/d
Vitamin B12:	0-8 years=0.4-0.9mcg/d 9-18 years=1.2-2.4mcg/d
Pantothenic acid :	0-8 years=1.7-2 mg/d 9-18 years=4-5mg/d
Biotin:	0-8 years=5-8mcg/d 9-18 years=20-25mcg/d
Choline:	0-8 years=125-250mg/d 9-18 years=375-550mg/d
Calcium:	0-8 years=210-800mg/d 9-18 years= 1300mg/d
Chromium:	0-3 years=0.2-11mcg/d 4-18 years=25-35mcg/d
Copper:	0-8 years=200-440mcg/d 9-18 years=700-890mcg/d
Fluoride:	0-4 years=0.01-0.7mg/d 5-18 years=1-3mg/d
Iodine:	90-150mcg/d
Iron:	7-15 mg/d
Magnesium:	0-4 years=30-80mg/d 5-18 years=130-410mg/d
Manganese:	0-1 years=0.003-0.6mg/d 1-18 years=1.5-2.2 mg/d
Molybdenum:	0-1 years=2-3 mcg/d 1-18 years=17-43mcg/d
Phosphorus:	0-8 years=100-500mg/d 9-18 years=1,250mg/d
Selenium:	15-55mcg/d
Zinc:	0-8 years= 2-5md/d 9-18 years=8-11mg/d
Potassium:	0-8 years=0.4-3.8g/d 9-18 years=4.5-4.7g/d
Sodium:	0-1 years= 0.12-0.37g/d 1-18 years=1-1.5g/d
Chloride:	0-1 years=0.18-0.57g/d 1-18 years=1.5-2.3g/d

Balanced Diet :-
An infant should be on exclusive breast feeds till 6 months of age with appropriate weaning food complementary to it after that. After 2 years of age, a diet consisting of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, low fat and non fat dairy products and beans is advocated. In children who eat non-vegetarian food, fish and lean meal is advised.⁽⁷⁾

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