Child Nutrition For Healthy Growth,Immunity : Normal Growth Pattern

4th Pediatric Infectious Diseases Conference

ISSN 0973 - 0958

Nutrition in Children

Immunity and Growth Articles

Nutrition for Growth and Immunity

NUTRITION IN CHILDREN

Micronutrients in Children

Role of Micronutrients in Diet of Preschooler

Micronutrient Status of Children in India

Micronutrient Supplementation and it's Effect on Children

Micronutrients Vitamin B complex

Micronutrients Vitamin C and Vitamin D

Calcium and phosphorus in diet

Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in children

Community Level Micronutrient Deficiency in Preschoolers

Micronutrients: Vitamin A, E and K

Immunity and Growth of Children

Nutrition For Healthy Growth and Immunity

Nutrition and Brain Development

Nutrition and Infections

Dietary Inadequacy in First Three Years of Life

Feeding guidelines for infants and young children in India

Prebiotics for Children

Prebiotics & Probiotics And Gut Health in Children

Prebiotics and Probiotics for Healthy Children

Role of probiotics in children

Role of prebiotics in children

Prebiotics and probiotic combinations in children

DHA in children

DHA Need and Importance During Growing Period

Malnutrition in children

Problems of Malnutrition in India among Children

Adult Onset Diseases and Malnutrition

Nutrition In Indian Urban Children

Malnutrition Among Preschoolers

Nutrition Growth Charts

Length/Height for age

Subscapular skin fold thickness

Triceps skin fold thickness

NUTRITION FOR HEALTHY GROWTH AND IMMUNITY

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Relevant Topics

Organ Maturation

Normal Nutritional Requirements

Nutrition and Immune System

Action of Specific Nutrients on Growth & Immunity

Under Nutrition

Nutritional Requirements at
Different Life Stages

Children are not small adults. They are constantly growing, developing and maturing from a neonate to a full grown adult. Thus optimal nutrition is required to meet with the demands throughout this period so that full genetic potential can be realized.⁽¹⁾ Growth is the most commonly used functional outcome measure of nutrient adequacy.⁽²⁾ Childhood growth not only involves increase in body size but changes in body proportions, the relative sizes of organ systems and chemical compositions.⁽¹⁾ Epidemiologic data clearly show that patterns of growth in fetal life and infancy are correlated with later risk of cardiovascular disease and the metabolic syndrome.⁽¹⁾Thus optimizing nutrition in early life has a relevance to long term health.

NORMAL GROWTH

Normal pattern of growth can be defined in the form of growth reference compiled by measuring normal healthy children. The data obtained may be reproduced graphically in the form of growth charts (such as NCHS, WHO, Agrawal growth chart) or be transformed into properties of a normal distribution as z-scores (such as WHO z scores). Weight, height (or length) and head circumference are most widely used parameters clinically though other references commonly used are skin fold thickness, mid arm circumference.⁽¹⁾ The pattern of growth can be resolved into infant, child and pubertal phase based on endocrine influences.

Infant growth is primarily nutrient/insulin led, an extension of fetal pattern whereas childhood growth is predominantly growth hormone led and pubertal growth is driven by influence of sex steroids. Growth is affected by numerous factors including poverty, ethnic background and emotional well-being⁽¹⁾, Deviation from normal nutrition pattern can lead to over-nutrition (obesity) or under-nutrition (PEM).

During infancy by 1st year of life the child increases in weight 3 fold and by 50% in length and in head circumference by 10 cm. The growth rate slows in the 2nd year of life and head circumference increases by 2 cm over the year and by 24 months, children are about half of their ultimate adult height. From 2-5 years of age, weight gain occurs about 2 kg/year and height increases by 7-8 cm/year. Head grows an additional 5 cms between 3-18 years. From 6-11 years, weight gain averages 3-3.5 kg per year and height increases by 6-7 cm per year. During adolescence, secondary sexual characters develop with acceleration in growth velocities with increase in lean body mass to 90% in boys and decrease in girls to 75% as subcutaneous fat accumulates. Weight gain parallels linear growth with a delay of several months.⁽³⁾

Next : Organ Maturation

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