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Should teicoplannin, colistin be used in case of neonatal sepsis where culture does not reveal any organism_?
No, it should be used only after drug sensitivity report
Yes, under guidance of an infectious disease expert
ANKLE INJURIES : A SPRAINED ANKLE
Ankle Injuries
Radiology Cases in Pediatric Emergency Medicine Volume 3, Case 3

Alson S. Inaba MD

Review ankle views.
  • AP view: There are several findings that can be observed on the AP view. The tip of the lateral malleolus normally extends more distally than the tip of the medial malleolus. The syndesmosis of the ankle joint normally causes an overlap of the medial aspect of the distal fibula and the lateral aspect of the distal tibia on this AP view. Therefore, subtle fractures involving either the lateral aspect of the distal tibia or the medial aspect of the distal fibula (i.e., between the tibia and fibula) may be difficult to visualize on this AP view alone because of the overlap. It is a common pitfall to miss a Salter Harris Type III fracture of the distal lateral tibia because it is obscured by the overlapping fibula.

  • Lateral view: On a true lateral view, the malleoli should be superimposed upon one another. The lateral view provides a better view of the posterior aspect of the distal tibia and fibula, the talus, calcaneus and the base of the 5th metatarsal.

  • Mortise view: To obtain a better view of the ankle mortise, the patient's leg must be internally rotated just enough so that the lateral malleolus (which is normally posterior to the medial malleolus), is on the same horizontal plane as the medial malleolus, and a line drawn through both malleoli would be parallel to the tabletop. Usually this only requires approximately 10 - 20 degrees of internal rotation. In other words, when viewing the mortise view, the tibia and fibula must be viewed without superimposition on each other. This mortise view represents a true AP projection of the ankle mortise and also provides a good visualization of the talar dome (to rule-out osteochondral talar dome fractures). The clear joint space [formed by the talofibular joint, the superior space between the dome of the talus & the tibial plafond (the inferior articulating surface of the tibia) and the tibiotalar joint] should all uniformly measure 3 - 4 mm. A difference of greater than 2 mm (i.e., the joint space width varies by more than 2 mm. Eg., Joint space measures 2 mm at lateral part of joint and 5 mm at medial side of joint.) is suggestive of mortise instability.

If all of the above 3 views appear normal in a patient with a high clinical suspicion of a fracture, one should then obtain internal and external oblique views of the ankle to obtain additional views of the distal tibia and distal fibula. To obtain such views, the patient's leg is rotated 45 degrees internally, then 45 degree externally. The epiphyses of the distal tibia and fibula both appear by 2 years of age. The physis of the distal tibia fuses to its adjacent metaphysis by 18 years of age. The physis of the distal fibula fuses to its adjacent metaphysis by 20 years of age. Therefore, growth plate injuries should still be considered as a possibility in any patient up to 20 years of age. If one is unsure if a radiolucent line involving the distal tibia or fibula represents either a physis or an actual fracture, consider obtaining a comparison view of the nonaffected ankle. An x-ray of the patient's ankle was obtained.

orthopedics Specialist Answers
PEDIATRIC ORTHOPEDIC : SPECIALIST ANSWERS
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