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ISSN 0973 - 0958
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RENAL STONES (URINARY)
Q1) My child complains burning on & off, while passing urine.
Also, he has backache. What to do?
A1) Burning while passing urine and backache are symptoms of kidney problems, because kidneys are placed at the posterior abdominal wall on either side of spine. Commonly these symptoms occur due to urinary tract infection and in absence of fever, renal stones should be ruled out.
A1) Burning while passing urine and backache are symptoms of kidney problems, because kidneys are placed at the posterior abdominal wall on either side of spine. Commonly these symptoms occur due to urinary tract infection and in absence of fever, renal stones should be ruled out.
Q2) My child’s urine examination showed presence of plenty of crystals. However he has no complaints. What should I do?
A2) If urine examination shows plenty of crystals, but the child has no complaints, there is no need to worry. But if there is family history of kidney stones, 24 hours urine excretion of calcium, uric acid, oxalate etc may be done to detect hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria, hyperoxaluria, which are precursors of stone formation.
Q3) What are urinary stones? I thought stones were seen in adults. Does it occur in children?
A3) Stones are formed when substances such as calcium, phosphate, uric acid, oxalate are in excess in urine, become insoluble and form concretions and settle on a matrix in tubules. Urinary infections can increase the size of these concretions and further harden them. Although stones are common in adults, they can occur in children.
Q4) How do these urinary stones occur?
A4) Stones occur due to abnormal and excessive accumulation of stone forming substances in urine which are normally dissolved due to presence of substances which inhibit stones formation like citrate, pyrophosphates. If the concentration of calcium, oxalate, uric acid, cystine etc is very high and inhibitors are low, stone formation occurs. The abnormal metabolic disorders can be inherited e.g. Hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria, cystinuria. Less intake of fluids, urinary infection, congenital anomalies of urinary tract with obstruction, hyperparathyroidism, RTA (renal tubular acidosis) are causes of renal calculi or stones.
Q5) How do I know whether my child is suffering from kidney stones?
A5) Kidney stones can give rise to abdominal pain, hematuria (blood in urine), vomiting, backache, recurrent urinary tract infections or are accidentally discovered on USG (Ultrasonography).
Q6) How does one diagnose presence of renal stones?
A6) Diagnosis is made by plain X-ray of kidneys, ureters and urinary bladder or ultrasonography.
Q7) My child’s X-rays showed no stones. However, the doctor says that he is suffering from kidney stones. Is it possible?
A7) Some kidney stones are radiolucent i.e. cannot be seen on plain x-rays but can be diagnosed by Ultrasonography e.g. uric acid, cystine stones.
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